In Java we can use a Predicate to test if something is true or false. This is especially useful when we use the filter method of the Java Stream API. We can use lambda expressions to define our Predicate or implement the Predicate interface. If we want to combine different Predicate objects we can use the or, and and negate methods of the Predicate interfaces. These are default methods of the interface and will return a new Predicate.

Let’s start with an example where we have a list of String values. We want to filter all values that start with Gr or with M. In our first implementation we use a lambda expression as Predicate and implements both tests in this expression:

package mrhaki;

import java.util.List;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;

public class PredicateComposition1 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        final var items = List.of("Groovy", "Gradle", "Grails", "Micronaut", "Java", "Kotlin");

        final List<String> gr8Stuff =
                items.stream()
                     // Use lambda expression with both tests as Predicate.
                     .filter(s -> s.startsWith("Gr") || s.startsWith("M"))
                     .collect(Collectors.toUnmodifiableList());

        assert gr8Stuff.size() == 4 : "gr8Stuff contains 4 items";
        assert gr8Stuff.contains("Groovy");
        assert gr8Stuff.contains("Gradle");
        assert gr8Stuff.contains("Grails");
        assert gr8Stuff.contains("Micronaut");
    }
}

We will rewrite the previous example and introduce the startsWith method that returns a new Predicate. Then in our filter method we use the or method of the Predicate object to combine the two Predicate objects:

package mrhaki;

import java.util.List;
import java.util.function.Predicate;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;

public class PredicateComposition2 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        final var items = List.of("Groovy", "Gradle", "Grails", "Micronaut", "Java", "Kotlin");

        final List<String> gr8Stuff =
                items.stream()
                     // Use the Predicate.or method to combine two Predicate objects.
                     .filter(startsWith("Gr").or(startsWith("M")))
                     .collect(Collectors.toUnmodifiableList());

        assert gr8Stuff.size() == 4 : "gr8Stuff contains 4 items";
        assert gr8Stuff.contains("Groovy");
        assert gr8Stuff.contains("Gradle");
        assert gr8Stuff.contains("Grails");
        assert gr8Stuff.contains("Micronaut");
    }

    // Create a predicate to check if String value starts with a given value.
    private static Predicate<String> startsWith(final String begin) {
        return s -> s.startsWith(begin);
    }
}

In the following example we use the negate and and method to find all values that do not start with Gr and with a length less than 8 characters:

package mrhaki;

import java.util.List;
import java.util.function.Predicate;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;

public class PredicateComposition3 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        final var items = List.of("Groovy", "Gradle", "Grails", "Micronaut", "Java", "Kotlin");

        final List<String> otherStuff =
                items.stream()
                     // Find all values that do not start with "Gr"
                     // and have less than 8 characters.
                     .filter(startsWith("Gr").negate().and(smallerThan(8)))
                     .collect(Collectors.toUnmodifiableList());

        assert otherStuff.size() == 2 : "otherStuff contains 2 items";
        assert otherStuff.contains("Java");
        assert otherStuff.contains("Kotlin");
    }

    // Create a predicate to check if String value starts with a given value.
    private static Predicate<String> startsWith(final String begin) {
        return s -> s.startsWith(begin);
    }

    // Create a predicate to check if String value has
    // less characters than the given size.
    private static Predicate<String> smallerThan(final int size) {
        return s -> s.length() < size;
    }
}

In our previous example we can replace the negate method call on our predicate with the static Predicate.not method. The predicate is than an argument and is just another way to express the same predicate:

package mrhaki;

import java.util.List;
import java.util.function.Predicate;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;

public class PredicateComposition4 {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        final var items = List.of("Groovy", "Gradle", "Grails", "Micronaut", "Java", "Kotlin");

        final List<String> otherStuff =
                items.stream()
                     // Find all values that do not start with "Gr",
                     // using Predicate.not instead of negate,
                     // and have less than 8 characters.
                     .filter(Predicate.not(startsWith("Gr")).and(smallerThan(8)))
                     .collect(Collectors.toUnmodifiableList());

        assert otherStuff.size() == 2 : "otherStuff contains 2 items";
        assert otherStuff.contains("Java");
        assert otherStuff.contains("Kotlin");
    }

    // Create a predicate to check if String value starts with a given value.
    private static Predicate<String> startsWith(final String begin) {
        return s -> s.startsWith(begin);
    }

    // Create a predicate to check if String value has
    // less characters than the given size.
    private static Predicate<String> smallerThan(final int size) {
        return s -> s.length() < size;
    }
}

Written with Java 12.

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